Osteoarthritis and Joint Anatomy: A Detailed Review of Degenerative Changes and Therapeutic Implications

Abstract

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disorder that primarily affects the articular cartilage and subchondral bone, leading to pain, stiffness, and functional impairments. Anatomical changes in the joint structures, including cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone sclerosis, synovial inflammation, and ligament instability, are central to the progression of OA. Understanding these changes is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic strategies aimed at managing OA symptoms and improving quality of life.
Methods: This systematic review explores the anatomical changes associated with osteoarthritis, with a focus on the articular cartilage, subchondral bone, synovium, and supporting structures. It synthesizes findings from studies utilizing imaging techniques, such as MRI, X-rays, and arthroscopy, to illustrate the relationship between joint anatomy and the progression of OA.
Results: Degenerative changes observed in OA include cartilage thinning, subchondral bone sclerosis, osteophyte formation, and synovial inflammation. The severity of these changes correlates with clinical symptoms, including pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
Conclusion: Anatomical alterations in OA, such as cartilage loss and bone changes, are pivotal in disease progression. Early detection of these changes through imaging can enhance diagnosis, while a deeper understanding of the anatomical basis can inform more targeted therapeutic interventions.