The Impact of Smoking on Cardiovascular Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Background: Smoking is a well-established risk factor for a wide range of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Anatomical and physiological alterations caused by smoking contribute significantly to the progression of these diseases. Understanding the impact of smoking on cardiovascular structures is essential for better prevention and treatment strategies.
Methods: This systematic review examines the effects of smoking on cardiovascular anatomy, focusing on vascular changes, myocardial damage, and structural alterations in patients with CVD. Data from studies using imaging modalities like echocardiography, MRI, and CT angiography were analyzed.
Results: Smoking was found to exacerbate vascular remodeling, increase the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), and accelerate plaque formation in coronary arteries. The severity of cardiovascular damage increased with smoking duration and intensity.
Conclusion: Smoking-induced anatomical changes in the cardiovascular system significantly contribute to the pathophysiology of CVD. Early interventions such as smoking cessation programs and targeted therapies could reduce the burden of these diseases