The Role of Micro RNA in Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis

Abstract

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and play crucial roles in cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In recent years, miRNAs have garnered significant attention for their potential in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. This study aims to explore the role of miRNAs as biomarkers for cancer detection, their prognostic value, and how they could be incorporated into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.
Methods: A systematic review was conducted analyzing studies published from 2010 to 2023. The review focused on miRNAs that have been identified as biomarkers in various types of cancer, including breast, lung, colorectal, and liver cancers. Data regarding miRNA expression levels, correlation with cancer staging, and impact on patient prognosis were extracted from 25 peer-reviewed articles.
Results: Several miRNAs, including miR-21, miR-155, and miR-34, have been consistently associated with cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Higher levels of specific miRNAs were correlated with advanced cancer stages and poorer prognosis. Furthermore, miRNAs were found to be detectable in various bodily fluids such as blood, saliva, and urine, making them promising candidates for non-invasive cancer diagnostics.
Conclusion: MiRNAs hold great promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer. Their ability to reflect the molecular mechanisms of cancer, as well as their presence in easily accessible bodily fluids, positions them as potential tools for early detection and personalized treatment strategies. Further clinical validation is needed to fully integrate miRNAs into routine clinical practice.